Construction Waste Management Strategies

Construction Waste Management StrategiesIntroductionThe expression sector is an important solid harry generator. In Brazil, the recent economic and political relation growth has rapidly encouraged further development and investment in the complex body part sector. Nevertheless, such speedy growth of the Brazilians construction has brought an rattling(a) concern and attention to the waste problem and its management for a developing country growth like Brazil. Nagalli, 2012Like in Europe, Brazil has a mandatory regulation on construction projects to reduce the construction and demolition waste. The national laws obligate the builders to be responsible for the waste of their works. It is legally consolidated and requires the builders a proactive posture in sense to planning the waste management. Nagalli, 2012. The municipalities ar the responsible tripy on the waste management in Brazil, except for the unavowed investments such as (industries, private constructions or demolit ions, etc.). Bez et al. 2012.However, only (11) which presents (0.25%) of about 5000 Brazilian municipalities have construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling centerfield As sanitary as there are (13) stationary plants and recycling waste center produced in local communities. Therefore, its quite clear that a large part of the waste is not recycled in Brazil. It is also worth mentioning that since the established of CONAMA 2002 (Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency) things are moving better and all Brazilian local governments are nowadays obliged to prepare and adopt strategies for sustainable management of CD waste. MMA, 2002. All investors are obliged to produce feasibility studies plans of the merchandise and use of construction and demolition (CD) wastes materials of each project. Notwithstanding, a very little amount of researches have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling centers. Professional inquiri es illustrated that private projects which produces 20 oodles per hour (t/h) or less of CD waste processing flow will probably not be met financially to continue, delinquent to the low productivity and lack manufactured product prices, as the use of manufactured products are still not widespread so the investment in recycling on large scale with heterogeneous facilities centers will not be cost-effective neither.02 Feasibility Analysis Many studies and researches are taken can to develop plans for the feasibility study for the complex projects and the (CD) waste recycling centers in Brazil. One of this study was by UNIDO (1987), which presented a structural model for feasibility studies to complex projects, including a huge investments from different sources of funding and simplify the study and structure then adding control elements described by another important study from Kohler (1997), the next main stages were identified in preliminary feasibility studies for construction and demolition (CD) waste recycling centers as followsAnalysis of market needs and the amount of existent competition from different sources. Depends on the geographical location of the center.Assessment and estimated of waste generation. Depends on the geographical location of the center.The estimated incomes and cost from the construction and demolition waste.Investment compendium in construction and demolition waste field.Market Competition study analysisThere are plentiful resources for civil construction combining some(prenominal) elements in Brazil. The main consumer construction and demolition waste centers are located in areas with good and convenient quality of different reserves.According to DNPM (2003), sand and nark are low in price and produced in large quantities. Transport costs correspond to around 2/3 of the end price of the product, which create it necessaryto produce sand and gravel as near as possible to the consumer market, which are the urban agglomerates .In Brazil, which is one of the developing countries, the rate of enjoyment is estimated at approximately (2) tons /inhabitant a year. Sindipedras (2004). Comparing that figure with Europe countries, we found that Brazil has low consumption where the sightly consumption in Europe reaches (8-10) tons/inhabitant a year. Taking into account that the population in Brazil is about (180 million) IBGE(2000), so the total consumption estimated to nearly (270) tons a year about (175) million cubic meter.Table no.1 The rate of construction aggregates prices without transport.( SINDIBRITA.2004).Aggregates Aggregate gradingPrices (excl. taxes) ( Prices (incl.taxes)(diameter in mm)(GBP $/m)(GBP $/t)(GBP $/m)(GBP $/t)Sands3.101.804.002.35 cavity powders3.102.004.002.55Gravel 0, 1, 2, 3from 5.0 to 75.03.802.604.853.36Mixed Gravelfrom 5.0 to 55.03.101.754.002.27ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF CD WASTEWe should know the productivity and collection of (CD) waste to find out the needs and the affaire of de veloping and establishing recycling centers. From Table no.2 below, estimates from the production and collection of construction and demolition (CD) waste in some of the main Brazilian CitiesTable 2 Estimative for production / collection of CD waste in some Brazilian cities (Nunes, 2004)CitiesEstimative of CD wasteYear-Population(IBGE,Production per inhabitant(kg/inhab.day)Collection perinhabitantProducedCollected2000)(kg/inhab.day)Riode Janeiron/a1,10020035,850,000n/a0.20Salvadorn/a.2,75020002,450,000n/a1.15So Paulo16,0003,400200110,440,0001.550.40Ribeiro Preto1,1002002003505,0002.000.55So Jos740n/a1995540,0001.50n/aPiracicaba635n/a.2003330,0001.88n/aVinhedon/a.10200348,000n/a0.32Guarulhosn/a.n/a.1,100,000n/an/aRibeiro Piresn/a.n/a.105,000n/a.n/aSo Jos do Rio Preto690n/a.1996360,0001.92n/aSanto Andr1,000n/a1996650,0001.56n/a.Belo Horizonten/a.2,30020002,240,000n/a1.05Londrina1,300n/a2003450,0002.86n/aBraslian/a.n/a2,055,000n/an/aMaca402003133,000n/a0.34Florianpolis635n/a2001286,000 2.23n/aAverages 2.00 0.65The Rio de Janeiro city estimates a collection of 1,100 ton/day (0.20 kg/inhabitant .day), an amount below the average in other cities under study. The reason that some municipalities are less than the average for the disposal of waste is the illegal and calculated within the general waste in official statistical tables. IBGE (2000)ESTIMATED REVENUES AND COSTSIn Brazil, the equipment used in the (CD) waste recycling center requires large investment. Most equipment used in the archeological site sector, which is one of the largest and powerful sector in Brazil, this was calculated when analysis or estimate the profits and benefits of investment. The Table no.3 below shows the form of the firm capital investment required for (20) tons/hour which we can call it as a small center and (100) tons/hour as a medium center depending on the size of the production and the new or used equipment. Its possible to add some cost with equipment and site, the costs with s ite acquisition, transportation and the route of disposal the recycling center rejects. Nunes (2004)Through consultations to many professionals, it was found that the minimum size of a site fora recycling center would be (a) 6.000 m the appropriate area for the (20) tons/hour recycling centers (b) 30.000 m area for the (100) tons/hour recycling centers.Table 3 Investment in fixed capital and the operational costs (summary). SINDIBRITA (2004).Operational CostsFixed CostsCONCLUSIONThe Brazilian civil constructions aggregates are available in wide range with good quality and close to the urban consumer centers. Its worth mentioning that both aggregates as well as several new construction projects prices have been low for some time. Hence, and in order to attract more clients and bring better attention to such industry, the prices of the recycled aggregates must be competitive with the cancel aggregates. Meanwhile, the (CD) waste reception as well as the recycling centers has to compet e with the landfills. According to the Brazilian state-of-art, large amounts of inert material are usually inevitable to cover the landfill cells. The material is also required to build the access roads and maneuvering areas for the waste collection trucks on the landfills. Therefore, the inert landfills do set as mellow competitors with recycling centers in relation to reception of (CD) waste. It was therefore recommended that twain different recycling centers projects should be analyzed in order to capitalize and boost such industry forward one, a small scale (20 t/h), and the other midsize (100 t/h) with the assumption of the use of processed products and the absence of (CD) waste recycling projects in the country due to the lack of such industry tradition, the feasibility of future private recycling centers will initially be somewhere between the two aforementioned capacities. Nunes (2004)ReferencesAndr Nagalli , (2012) Quantitative Method for Estimating Construction Waste Ge nerationBez AG, Sez PV, Merino MR, Navarro JG (2012). Waste Management.MMA (Ministry of the Environment) (2002) CONAMA Resolution no. 307.UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (1987).Kohler, G. (1997), suffice of Recycling Construction Materials.CONAMA 2002(Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency).ngulo, S. C. (2002) (Development of new markets for the recycling of CD waste).DNPM (National Department for Mineral Research) (2006).Sindipedra (Federation of the Gravel Mining Industry of the State of So Paulo) (2004).IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (2000)